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AQA · 8365
Negative reciprocal
For a non-zero number mmm, the number −1m-\frac{1}{m}−m1. Non-vertical perpendicular lines have gradients that are negative reciprocals.
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Net
A flat arrangement of surfaces that can be folded to form a three-dimensional solid.
Normal
A straight line through a point on a curve that is perpendicular to the tangent at that point.
nth term
An expression that gives the value of a sequence term from its position nnn, usually starting with n=1n=1n=1.
Numerator
The expression above a fraction bar; it is divided by the denominator.
Object
The shape or point before a transformation.
One-one function
A function in which different inputs always give different outputs, so each output comes from exactly one input.
Opposite side
The side across from the chosen angle, not touching that angle.
Optimisation
Finding the greatest or least possible value of a quantity while obeying any given restrictions.
Order of a matrix
The size of a matrix, written as number of rows × number of columns.
Order of operations
The agreed sequence for evaluating a calculation: brackets, powers and roots, multiplication and division, then addition and subtraction.
Origin
The point (0,0)(0,0)(0,0) where the coordinate axes meet.
Outer function
The function applied to the result of the inner function. In f(g(x))f(g(x))f(g(x)), the outer function is fff.
Output
The value produced by a function after its rule is applied to an input.
Parabola
The smooth, symmetrical curve representing a quadratic function.
Parallel lines
Straight lines in the same plane that remain the same distance apart and never meet.
Pascal’s triangle
A triangular arrangement of numbers with 111 at each edge and each interior number equal to the sum of the two numbers immediately above it. Row nnn, counting the top as row zero, gives the coefficients for expanding (a+b)n(a+b)^n(a+b)n.
Percentage
A proportion expressed as a number of parts per hundred.
Perimeter
The total distance around the outside boundary of a two-dimensional shape.
Period
The angle through which a trigonometric function repeats its values: 360∘360^\circ360∘ for sine and cosine, and 180∘180^\circ180∘ for tangent.
Periodic function
A function whose values repeat after a fixed interval of the input.
Permutation
An arrangement of objects in a particular order. Changing the order gives a different permutation.
Perpendicular
Meeting at a right angle, 90∘90^\circ90∘.
Perpendicular bisector
A line that passes through the midpoint of a line segment at 90∘90^\circ90∘ to it.
Perpendicular height
The distance from a base to the opposite end or apex, measured at right angles to the base.
Perpendicular lines
Straight lines that meet at a right angle (90∘90^\circ90∘). If both gradients are defined, their product is −1-1−1.
Perpendicular projection
The line segment obtained by projecting each endpoint of a segment perpendicularly onto a plane.
Piecewise-defined function
A function defined using different rules for different parts of its domain.
Place value
The value of a digit determined by its position in a number, such as tens, units or hundredths.
Plane
A flat surface extending indefinitely in every direction within that surface.
232 key terms
