AQA GCSE Citizenship Studies key terms

Numerical information, such as the number of people choosing each answer in a survey.

The number of votes a candidate needs to be elected under a system such as Single Transferable Vote.

The formal process through which a state agrees to be bound by a treaty.

A voluntary wage rate based on living costs, promoted by the Living Wage Foundation rather than required by law.

A judgement that answers an enquiry question and is supported by relevant evidence.

A vote in which the electorate decides directly on a particular question rather than choosing representatives.

A person outside their country who cannot safely return because of a well-founded fear of persecution.

Government operating across a region, between the level of individual local councils and central government.

A directly elected leader of an English regional authority with devolved functions and budgets; also called a metro mayor.

Support and interventions that help someone stop offending and build a crime-free life.

Committing another criminal offence after a previous offence.

Making amends for harm caused by an offence, for example through compensation or work benefiting the community.

A restriction on what the media may publish about a case, such as information identifying a protected person or prejudicing a trial.

Having someone speak or act on your behalf to put forward your interests, concerns or case.

A form of democracy in which citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf.

A clear, focused question that identifies what an investigation needs to find out.

A policy area whose decision-making powers remain at UK level rather than being devolved. In Northern Ireland, the Assembly needs the Secretary of State’s consent to legislate on reserved matters.

A duty or expectation to act in a way that supports society and respects other people’s rights.

A process that gives victims an opportunity to explain the impact of a crime to the offender and may allow the offender to apologise and make amends.

A finding obtained from research, such as the number of survey respondents giving a particular answer.

EU-derived law kept in UK law after withdrawal to provide continuity, rather than removing all such rules immediately.

A parliamentary chamber that examines proposed legislation and considers amendments. The House of Lords performs this role at Westminster.

An entitlement that a person can claim, such as the right of an eligible citizen to vote.

A political outlook generally favouring private enterprise, lower taxation, less government intervention and traditional values.

The possibility that something will go wrong, causing harm, loss or failure to achieve an intended outcome.

The process of identifying and assessing risks, choosing how to handle them, and monitoring whether the response works.

The monarch’s formal approval of a bill, which completes its passage into law.

A requirement governing behaviour within a particular organisation, activity or setting.