English Literature key terms

15 March, the date on which Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC.

An expression whose meaning is different from the literal meanings of its words, such as having a chip on one’s shoulder.

An object of worship. Belle uses it metaphorically for money because wealth has become Scrooge’s highest priority.

Worship of an idol rather than God. Jane uses this religious idea to describe making Rochester the centre of her existence.

A lack of knowledge or understanding. It can make someone dependent on other people’s explanations, but does not mean that they lack kindness or practical ability.

The historical status assigned to a child born outside marriage, which could bring social stigma and restrictions on inheritance.

An appearance or experience that leads someone to believe something different from reality.

Language that creates an impression of a sensory experience, such as a sight, sound or physical sensation.

An obstacle or barrier. At Jane’s wedding, Rochester’s existing marriage is a legal impediment to another marriage.

An instruction or command, often expressed through a verb such as “See”.

The extension of a country’s power over other territories and peoples. The novel connects its London mystery with British imperial activity overseas.

A meaning suggested by details in a text rather than stated directly.

Acting suddenly without considering the likely consequences.

A repeated chant or formula of words associated with ritual or magical power.

The use of words such as ‘we’, ‘our’ and ‘comrades’ to make listeners feel part of a shared group.

The annual flow of money a person receives, as distinct from their total wealth or inherited capital.

Unable or unwilling to believe something. Lanyon remains incredulous even after witnessing Hyde's transformation into Jekyll.

A legal agreement setting out the obligations of an apprentice and master. Pip’s indentures bind him to Joe until his expectations bring the apprenticeship to an early end.

The ability to make decisions and direct one’s own life. In Jane Eyre, independence includes freedom of thought, moral choice and financial security.

A lack of interest or concern, especially towards another person’s suffering.

A person belonging to the population of a place before colonising outsiders arrive.

The people originating in a place before settlers or colonisers arrived.

Harm inflicted without distinguishing between different victims, such as soldiers and civilians.

The belief that people should primarily look after themselves and pursue their own interests rather than accept responsibility for the wider community.

Teaching designed to make people accept particular beliefs without questioning them, rather than developing independent judgement.

Allowing someone to do what they want without sufficient limits or correction.

The historical shift towards machine production and factory-based work, which transformed employment and communities.