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A consistent measurement error that shifts readings in the same direction, such as a balance that does not read zero before use.

A systematic error shifts readings consistently in one direction.

An error that biases measurements in one direction because of the instrument, environment or method.

Do not claim that closely grouped results are accurate. They may all be displaced from the true value by a systematic error.

Classify an error by its effect: unpredictable variation between readings suggests random error; a bias in one direction suggests systematic error.

A consistent measurement error that shifts readings in the same direction, such as a balance that does not read zero before use.

A systematic error shifts readings consistently in one direction.

An error that biases measurements in one direction because of the instrument, environment or method.

Do not claim that closely grouped results are accurate. They may all be displaced from the true value by a systematic error.

Classify an error by its effect: unpredictable variation between readings suggests random error; a bias in one direction suggests systematic error.

Systematic error