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Unpredictable variation between repeated measurements, which causes readings to be scattered.

Unpredictable variation that makes repeated readings spread above and below the value that would usually be measured.

Classify an error by its effect: unpredictable variation between readings suggests random error; a bias in one direction suggests systematic error.

Unpredictable variation between repeated measurements, which causes readings to be scattered.

Unpredictable variation that makes repeated readings spread above and below the value that would usually be measured.

Classify an error by its effect: unpredictable variation between readings suggests random error; a bias in one direction suggests systematic error.

Random error