Key terms & definitions

Clay hardened by firing, used to make pottery and figurines.

An ecosystem found on land rather than in the sea.

A disagreement over which country controls or owns an area of land.

The growth of the area controlled by a country, through processes such as settlement, conquest, purchase or treaties.

A group whose members claim control over a particular neighbourhood and use intimidation or violence against outsiders and rivals.

An area governed under United States authority that had not yet become a state. Utah became a US territory in 1850.

An area occupied and defended by an animal that can provide access to resources such as food, shelter and mates.

The use of fear, violence, arrest and imprisonment to discourage opposition and enforce obedience to a regime.

Systematic use of extreme fear and violence to control a population.

The use of violence and intimidation to pursue political or ideological aims.

The unlawful use of violence or threats to create fear and achieve political, ideological or religious aims, often targeting civilians.

The use of violence and intimidation to achieve political goals.

An organism that feeds on secondary consumers.

A carnivore that eats other carnivores and occupies trophic level 4 in the specified sequence.

A consumer that eats a secondary consumer.

Economic activities that provide services rather than manufacture goods, such as education, retail and banking.

The part of the economy concerned with providing services, including retailing and hairdressing.

Jewish repentance: recognising wrongdoing, feeling genuine remorse, seeking forgiveness and committing not to repeat the offence.

Repentance: turning away from wrongdoing and returning to a life guided by God.

An arrangement of shapes that covers a surface without gaps or overlaps.

A condition that is sufficient to prove that a quadrilateral is a particular type.

A law passed in 1673 imposing a religious test for public office which excluded Catholics. James, Duke of York’s refusal to take its required oath made his Catholicism publicly known.

A group of tests used together to assess several abilities or functions.

A planned check that specifies input data and the result the program should produce.

Input values chosen to check whether a program behaves as intended.

Male reproductive organs that produce sperm and testosterone.

The group in an experiment that receives the treatment being investigated.

A written account by someone who personally witnessed an event, offered as evidence of what happened.

An account given by a witness about their experiences or observations.

An account given by someone who claims to have witnessed or experienced an event.