Short-term effects of exercise

• Understand the immediate, short-term physiological effects of exercise on the human body. • Describe the impact of exercise on localized muscle temperature and lactic acid production. • Explain short-term cardiovascular responses, including increases in heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output, as well as the vascular shunting and redistribution of blood flow. • Explain short-term respiratory responses, including increases in respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute ventilation, and oxygen delivery to working muscles. • Apply knowledge of these short-term effects to specific practical examples in physical activity and sport. • Collect, interpret, and evaluate quantitative data relating to the short-term physiological effects of exercise.