Transport Systems and Exchange Surfaces

Describe the substances transported into and out of the human body according to cellular requirements, including oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, dissolved food molecules, and urea.
Explain the role of partially-permeable cell membranes in animal cells concerning diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
Describe the human circulatory system and its integration with the gaseous exchange, digestive, and excretory systems.
Explain the adaptation of the heart's structure to its function, detailing the cardiac muscle, chambers, and valves.
Explain how the structural features of arteries, veins, and capillaries, such as vessel wall differences and the presence of valves, adapt them to their respective functions.
Explain the specific adaptations of red blood cells and plasma for their roles within the blood.
Explain the necessity for exchange surfaces and transport systems in multicellular organisms in relation to the surface area to volume ratio.
Calculate surface area to volume ratios.

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