Describe the typical spatial arrangement of chemical bonds within simple covalent molecules.
Explain covalent bonding as the electrostatic attraction arising from the sharing of electron pairs between adjacent atoms.
Construct accurate dot and cross diagrams to model simple covalent substances.
Translate structural representations of simple molecules fluidly between three-dimensional space and two-dimensional geometric diagrams.
Evaluate the inherent theoretical limitations of models such as dot and cross diagrams, ball and stick models, and 2D/3D representations for simple molecules.
Accurately extract and translate chemical information between diagrammatic models and numerical data formats.
Explain how the bulk physical properties of simple molecular substances depend dynamically on both their internal strong covalent bonds and their weaker external intermolecular forces.
Describe the industrial process of cracking and explain its critical importance in producing smaller, more widely useful chemical materials.
