Work and energy transfers

• Describe the fundamental changes in energy storage mechanisms as physical systems undergo transformations.
• Construct and interpret diagrams that accurately model energy transfers within systems.
• Understand the principle that within a closed system, energy transfers result in zero net change to the system's total energy.
• Categorize the various methods by which a system's energy can be altered, including work done by forces, electrical equipment operation, and heating processes.
• Describe the methodology for measuring work done by a force and understand the equivalence between energy transferred and work done.
• Calculate work done using the relationship between force and the distance moved in the direction of the force.

$E = F \times d$

• Describe and quantify energy changes within a system when work is performed by external forces.
• Calculate the change in gravitational potential energy associated with a change in vertical height.

$\Delta GPE = m \times g \times \Delta h$

• Calculate the kinetic energy of a moving object based on its mass and speed.

$KE = \frac{1}{2} \times m \times v^2$

• Explain, supported by relevant examples, the inevitable dissipation of energy into less useful forms during all system changes.