Explain how differences in inherited characteristics arise as a result of varying alleles.
Define and apply key genetic terminology, including: chromosome, gene, allele, dominant, recessive, homozygous, heterozygous, genotype, phenotype, gamete, and zygote.
Explain monohybrid inheritance patterns using genetic diagrams, Punnett squares, and family pedigrees.
Describe how the sex of human offspring is determined at fertilisation, illustrating the process with genetic diagrams.
Calculate and analyse statistical outcomes of monohybrid crosses and pedigree analysis for dominant and recessive traits using probabilities, ratios, and percentages.
Understand that most phenotypic features are determined by the interaction of multiple genes rather than single-gene inheritance.
Describe the major causes of variation that influence phenotype, differentiating between genetic variation (mutations and sexual reproduction) and environmental variation (acquired characteristics).
