Cardiovascular System Structure and Function

• Describe the structure of the double-circulatory system, detailing both the systemic and pulmonary pathways. • Differentiate between the structural characteristics and specific functions of arteries, capillaries, and veins. • Explain the anatomical pathway of blood through the heart, identifying the atria, ventricles, septum, and the bicuspid, tricuspid, and semilunar valves. • Identify the major blood vessels entering and exiting the heart, including the aorta, pulmonary artery, vena cava, and pulmonary vein. • Define key cardiovascular metrics, including heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output. • Understand the physiological role of red blood cells in oxygen transport.