Understand the complex structure and functioning of the human heart and lungs, including the specific adaptations of lungs for efficient gaseous exchange.
Describe the heart as an organ that pumps blood in a double circulatory system, detailing the right ventricle's role in pumping blood to the lungs for gas exchange and the left ventricle's role in pumping blood around the rest of the body.
Identify the major blood vessels associated with the heart, specifically limiting knowledge to the aorta, vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, and coronary arteries.
Identify the key functional components of the lungs, specifically the trachea, bronchi, alveoli, and the surrounding capillary network.
Explain how the natural resting heart rate is controlled by a specialized group of pacemaker cells located in the right atrium.
Describe the medical use of artificial pacemakers as electrical devices implemented to correct irregularities in heart rate.
Identify the three main types of blood vessels present in the body: arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Explain how the distinct structures of arteries, veins, and capillaries relate directly to their specific physiological transport functions.
Use simple compound measures, such as rate, and correctly carry out calculations for blood flow.
