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GCSE History · key term
Measures that keep surroundings hygienic, especially the safe removal of sewage and other waste.
Used by AQA, Edexcel and OCR
Paper 2
Systems and practices that keep surroundings clean and safely remove sewage and other waste.
Revise: Improvements in Public HealthCholera could affect rich and poor, although crowded districts with inadequate sanitation were particularly vulnerable.
Paper 1
Explain a causal chain rather than listing events: overcrowding overwhelmed sanitation, sewage contaminated drinking water, and cholera epidemics increased pressure for reform.
Explain why the 1875 Public Health Act mattered: its sanitation requirements were compulsory, unlike the largely voluntary approach of 1848.
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The provision of clean conditions, particularly through safe water supplies and the removal of sewage and waste.
In 1860, she established the Nightingale School for Nurses at St Thomas’ Hospital in London. Its training emphasised hygiene and sanitation, helping nursing become a respected, skilled profession for women rather than work widely associated with drunkenness and neglect.
Paper 2
Measures that maintain hygienic conditions, including the safe disposal of sewage and waste.
Revise: 19th-Century Conflict: The Crimean and Boer WarsThe Sanitary Commission also made important changes to hospital sanitation, and historians differ over how poor conditions were before she arrived. Her contribution was part of a wider effort to improve care.
Paper 1
The arrangements for safely disposing of human waste and keeping living places clean.
Revise: Changing living conditionsMost people still lived in the countryside, where housing, diet and sanitation remained much like those of medieval Britain. Towns grew larger and more crowded, making it harder to provide clean water and remove waste safely.