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GCSE Geography · key term
An isolated column of rock standing offshore, left when an arch roof collapses.
Used by AQA, Edexcel and OCR
Specification 3.1.3.2 · Paper 1
An isolated column of rock offshore, left when an arch roof collapses.
Revise: Erosional and Depositional LandformsWhen the roof collapses, a separate column of rock remains offshore. This is a stack.
Specification 1.4 · Paper 1
An isolated column of rock standing offshore, formed when an arch roof collapses.
Revise: Coastal LandformsAn isolated column remains offshore: a stack.
Paper 2
An isolated pillar of rock standing offshore.
Revise: Visual Analysis and Geological Interpretation of LandscapesThen compare the larger rock masses on the left with the slender, isolated pillar towards the right. That pillar is a stack: a column of rock separated from the neighbouring land by water. A small opening is also visible through the rock near the left-hand side of the photograph.
An isolated pillar of rock in the sea left after the roof of an arch collapses.
Specification 3.2a · Paper 1, Paper 3
Revise: Coastal Landforms: Erosional and Depositional FeaturesThe seaward part of the former arch is left separated from the headland as an isolated column of rock called a stack. Further erosion and weathering can eventually reduce the stack to a low stump.
Include weathering and collapse when explaining how an arch becomes a stack or how a cliff retreats.
Explain the stages between landforms: a cave breaks through a headland to form an arch; collapse of the arch roof leaves a stack.
For caves, arches and stacks, link erosion of a weakness to cave enlargement, breakthrough and eventual roof collapse. Include weathering as well as wave erosion when explaining collapse.
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