Widescreen, 3D, portable cameras and Steadicam

Widescreen formats such as CinemaScope, and 3D, in the 1950s: Hollywood's answer to television and falling audiences.
Lightweight, portable cameras from the late 1950s: hand-held filming in documentary and in the French New Wave.
Steadicam, developed by the cinematographer Garrett Brown and first introduced in 1975: smooth, flowing shots from a hand-held camera.
Links to the set films, such as CinemaScope in Pillow Talk and Rebel Without a Cause.
Short practice questions with answers, in the style of Question 4.
Practice questions to try, each headed 'Practice question' with its marks.

What you need to know