Describe the structure of an atom as a positively charged nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by orbiting negatively charged electrons.
Understand that the nuclear radius is substantially smaller than the atomic radius, and that the vast majority of atomic mass is concentrated in the nucleus.
Recall the typical order of magnitude regarding the physical dimensions of atoms and small molecules.
Detail the structure of isotopic nuclei using the concepts of atomic (proton) number and mass (nucleon) number, and accurately utilize standard isotopic notation.
Understand that the elements are characterized by their nuclear positive charge, while isotopes of the same element diverge in mass due to differing neutron counts.
Recall the relative masses and electrical charges assigned to protons, neutrons, electrons, and positrons.
Understand that a neutral atom contains an equal number of protons and electrons.
Describe the arrangement of electrons in distinct orbital distances from the atomic nucleus.
Explain the mechanism by which electrons transition between orbits as a result of absorbing or emitting electromagnetic radiation.
Explain the process of positive ion formation resulting from the loss of outer valence electrons.
