Describe the biological necessity for transporting critical substances, including oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, dissolved food molecules, mineral ions, and urea, into and out of varying organisms.
Explain the physiological requirement for specialised exchange surfaces and robust transport systems in complex multicellular organisms.
Calculate surface area to volume ratios to analyse the efficiency of biological exchange surfaces.
Explain how the structural features of alveoli are highly adapted to maximise the efficiency of gas exchange via diffusion between air and blood.
