Explain the properties of diamond, graphite, fullerenes, and graphene in terms of their molecular structures and covalent bonding.
Describe diamond as a very hard substance with a high melting point that does not conduct electricity, forming a giant covalent structure with four bonds per carbon atom.
Describe graphite as soft with a high melting point and the ability to conduct electricity due to delocalised electrons in its layered hexagonal ring structure.
Describe graphene as a single, one-atom-thick layer of graphite with useful properties for electronics and composites.
Define fullerenes as carbon molecules with hollow shapes based on hexagonal, pentagonal, or heptagonal rings, including buckminsterfullerene (C₆₀).
Describe carbon nanotubes as cylindrical fullerenes with high length-to-diameter ratios, highly useful in nanotechnology and materials science.
Visualise and represent 2D and 3D forms of these carbon structures.
Provide examples of the practical uses of diamond, graphite, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes.
