Mutations

State that populations of a species naturally exhibit extensive genetic variation.

Recall that all genetic variants initially arise from mutations.

Understand that while most mutations have no effect on an organism's phenotype, some slightly influence it, and a very small number decisively determine the phenotype.

Define mutations as continuous changes occurring in DNA molecules that may alter the structure and function of genes.

Explain how a genetic mutation can alter the specific protein a gene codes for, potentially preventing the protein from being produced entirely.

Identify the primary causes of mutations, including errors when DNA is copied during cell division, and external environmental factors such as exposure to ionizing radiation.